Urinary tract infection is a common health issue that occurs when bacteria from the intestines reach the urethra and cause an infection in the urinary tract. Symptoms of the infection include a burning sensation during urination, pain in the groin and pelvic area, cloudy and foul-smelling urine, and a sudden and frequent need to urinate. In advanced cases, more severe symptoms such as fever may be observed. This infection often alleviates with increased water intake, but in some cases, antibiotic treatment may be necessary. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, urinary tract infections can be easily controlled.
What is a Urinary Tract Infection?
Known as "UTI," a urinary tract infection is a common infection type usually caused by the bacterium E. coli and is the second most common infection in the body. These infections usually affect the lower urinary system areas like the bladder and urethra, though they can sometimes progress to the kidneys.
Bladder infections are more common compared to kidney infections and typically occur when bacteria progress from the urethra to the bladder. This condition is termed "cystitis" in medical literature. When bacteria reach the kidneys from the bladder, kidney infections occur, known as "pyelonephritis." Both types of infections are more frequently observed in women than in men.
During a urinary tract infection, redness and irritation occur in the bladder and urethral tissues. Common symptoms of the infection include pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic area, frequent urge to urinate, and a burning or painful sensation during urination. Complaints such as foul-smelling or dark-colored urine and the inability to urinate sufficiently despite the sudden need to do so are also common symptoms.
What are the Types of Cystitis?
Cystitis is defined as inflammation occurring in the bladder and is mainly divided into two groups:
- Microbial (bacterial) cystitis
- Non-microbial (Amicrobial) cystitis
Microbial (Bacterial) Cystitis
Microbial cystitis is a type of inflammation typically caused by bacteria. A large proportion of cystitis cases result from Escherichia coli (E. coli), which naturally resides in the intestines. Known colloquially as "coli bacillus," this bacterium can reach the urinary canal and cause inflammation. Additionally, microorganisms like Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus, and Enterobacter, frequently seen in women, can also cause microbial cystitis.
Under normal conditions, the acidic pH level of urine and the strong stream during urination prevent bacteria from adhering to (colonizing) the urinary tract. The risk of developing microbial cystitis increases in cases of slowed urine flow, an increase in urine pH, or intensive bacterial transmission to the urethra.
Non-Microbial Cystitis (Amicrobial Cystitis)
Non-microbial cystitis typically arises due to irritation or trauma to the urinary tract. A known example of this type of cystitis is honeymoon cystitis, which is common, especially in newly married women. The irritation, edema, and inflammation in the urinary canal after the first sexual intercourse cause complaints such as pain, burning, and frequent urination.
Non-microbial cystitis can develop not only after sexual intercourse but also due to environmental and chemical factors. Scented soaps, detergents, or prolonged bubble baths can cause chemical irritation in the urinary tract. Chlorinated pool waters, frequently used in summer, can cause urinary tract irritation and symptoms of cystitis in some individuals. It is recommended to choose healthier alternatives like ozone treatment instead of chlorine during pool disinfection. Some foods, such as spicy foods, chocolate, and eggs, can contribute to the formation of non-microbial cystitis by causing irritation in the urinary tract.
What is Honeymoon Cystitis?
Honeymoon cystitis is a type of cystitis seen in women, particularly those who are newly married or experiencing their first sexual intercourse. After the first intercourse, pressure and irritation in the urinary canal cause edema. This condition can slow urine flow and increase the risk of infection, known as "honeymoon cystitis." It manifests itself with complaints of pain during urination, burning, frequent urination, and groin pain within a few days post-intercourse.
How is a Urinary Tract Infection Treated?
Urinary tract infections require different treatment methods depending on the severity and spread of the infection. In simple urinary tract infections affecting the bladder, attention to genital hygiene, regular and sufficient fluid intake, and short-term low-dose antibiotic use may suffice.
In septic conditions where the infection spreads to the blood or kidneys, treatment is approached more seriously. Long-term antibiotic use may be necessary in such cases. Hospitalization, intravenous fluid therapy, and high-dose antibiotic treatments might also be required depending on the course of the infection.
Urinary tract infections are mostly treated with antibiotic tablets. These medications are effective in killing the microorganisms causing the infection. Bladder infections are generally treated within 3 to 7 days, while the treatment duration for kidney infections may extend up to two weeks. Symptoms typically begin to ease within the first 24 hours after starting antibiotic treatment. Additional medications numbing the bladder may also be used to alleviate pain and reduce the frequency of urination.
Complications in Bladder Infection: Wall Thickening and Other Risks
When a bladder infection is not treated or frequently recurs, structural changes like thickening of the bladder wall may occur. This condition is referred to as "infection-related bladder wall thickening." A thickened bladder wall can cause the bladder to lose its elasticity and function. It may cause problems such as reduced urine retention capacity, a sensation of urgency, and chronic pelvic pain.
Long-term or recurring infections can affect not only the bladder but also the upper urinary tract and kidneys. Therefore, it is important for individuals experiencing frequent urination, burning, or pain to consult a urology specialist to understand the underlying cause. Early intervention is crucial for preventing potential kidney damage or permanent bladder problems in the future.
How to Relieve a Bladder Infection? Home Remedies
In mild cases of bladder infection, lifestyle changes and some natural methods, alongside antibiotic treatment, may contribute to the recovery process. Drinking plenty of water and not delaying urination prevent the spread of the infection. Consuming foods rich in vitamin C increases the acidic nature of urine, making it difficult for bacteria to multiply.
Wearing cotton underwear, cleaning the genital area from front to back, and paying attention to hygiene after using the toilet are simple yet effective measures to prevent bacteria from reaching the bladder. For women, particularly, urinating after sexual intercourse helps expel microorganisms that may reach the urethra.
Ways to Prevent Bladder Infection
It is possible to develop some simple yet effective habits to prevent urinary tract infections and thus bladder infections. Preventive measures to be considered in daily life are as follows:
- Adequate fluid intake: Drinking enough water throughout the day helps wash the bladder regularly, preventing bacterial multiplication.
- Toilet habits: Not holding urine and not delaying the need to use the toilet reduces bacterial buildup in the urinary tract.
- Proper hygiene: Cleanliness before and after sexual intercourse greatly reduces infection risk.
- Choice of soaps and cleaning products: Avoiding products with chemicals and fragrances provides a protective effect, especially for individuals with sensitive skin.
- Regular doctor visits: Consulting a urologist in case of frequent infections eliminates the risk of chronic issues.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why do bladder infections frequently recur?
There can be many reasons for the frequent recurrence of bladder infections. These include a weak immune system, incomplete emptying of the bladder, insufficient attention to genital hygiene, or structural anatomical problems. Especially in women, the short length of the urethra and its proximity to the anus make it easier for bacteria to reach the urinary tract. Some individuals may also have a genetic predisposition to frequent infections.
What happens if a bladder infection is not treated?
An untreated bladder infection can cause bacteria to reach the kidneys. This condition is called "pyelonephritis" and can lead to severe symptoms such as high fever, chills, and back pain. The infection spreading to the blood can pose a life-threatening risk. In the long term, bladder wall thickening, urinary dysfunction, and chronic pain may also occur.
Is there a relationship between bladder infection and urinary incontinence?
Yes, especially if the bladder wall is irritated due to infection, controlling the bladder can be difficult. Frequent urination, a sensation of urgency, and sometimes urinary incontinence are symptoms of bladder infections. These symptoms typically decrease once the infection resolves, but in some cases, bladder functions may be affected for a longer time.
How is infection-related bladder wall thickening diagnosed?
Bladder wall thickening is usually diagnosed with methods such as pelvic ultrasonography or cystoscopy. Based on complaints, the doctor confirms the diagnosis through urine tests, cultures, and if necessary, advanced imaging techniques. If thickening is infection-related, appropriate antibiotic treatment and supportive measures can help return the wall structure to normal.