NEUROLOGY

Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. The nervous system is one of the most complex structures in the human body and plays a critical role in the healthy functioning of both mental and physical functions. Neurologists specializing in this field deal with a wide range of neurological disorders, from headaches to paralysis, from epilepsy to Parkinson's disease.

Neurology is one of the dynamic and rapidly evolving fields of medicine. Thanks to advancing technology and medical imaging methods, many brain diseases can now be diagnosed at an early stage and effectively treated.

Scope of Neurology and Related Diseases

The science of neurology encompasses a wide range of neurological disorders. The main groups of diseases that neurologists frequently encounter include:

• Brain Diseases: Stroke (paralysis), brain tumors, brain infections, and traumas are primary areas of concern in neurology.
• Epilepsy and Seizure Disorders: Epileptic attacks resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain can be controlled with appropriate treatment.
• Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders: Parkinson's, characterized by tremors, muscle rigidity, and slowness of movement, is among the common neurological disorders seen in the elderly population.
• Headaches and Migraine: Chronic pain disorders such as migraines and tension-type headaches can negatively impact individuals' quality of life.
• Autonomic Nervous System Disorders: Conditions such as diabetic neuropathy and Guillain-Barré syndrome affect both peripheral and autonomic systems.
• Multiple Sclerosis (MS): This disease, which develops when the immune system attacks the nervous system, is commonly observed in young adults.
• Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: Memory and cognitive function losses, particularly seen in older individuals, are significant issues in neurology.

What are Neurological Symptoms?

Neurological diseases typically manifest with slowly progressing symptoms that significantly affect quality of life. Some commonly encountered symptoms are:

• Severe or chronic headaches, migraine attacks
• Muscle weakness, involuntary muscle twitches
• Numbness, tingling, and sensory loss
• Balance disorders and loss of coordination
• Forgetfulness, attention deficits, and cognitive problems
• Visual disturbances, double vision
• Speech disorders and loss of consciousness

These symptoms may indicate a serious condition that requires neurological examination. Early consultations are of great importance in stopping the progression of the disease.

What are the Neurological Diagnostic Methods?

Neurologists begin the diagnostic process by taking the patient's history and conducting a physical examination. Following this, the following methods are used to reach a definitive diagnosis:

• Neurological Examination: Assessment of reflexes, muscle strength, coordination, and sensory systems.
• Imaging Methods: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and CT (Computed Tomography) provide detailed examination of the brain and spinal cord.
• Electrophysiological Tests: EEG (Electroencephalography) measures brain waves, and EMG (Electromyography) measures muscle and nerve activities.
• Laboratory and Genetic Tests: Blood analyses, examination of cerebrospinal fluid, and in some cases, genetic tests help clarify the diagnosis.

Treatment Options for Neurological Diseases

The treatment method for each disease varies and is planned specifically for the individual. Neurological treatment approaches typically include the following methods:

• Medication Therapy: In most neurological disorders, medication therapy is applied as the first step. Antiepileptics, dopamine agonists, antidepressants, and pain relievers fall into this category.
• Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation: In patients with stroke or movement limitations, physical therapy aids in the recovery of motor skills.
• Surgical Intervention: In some cases, such as brain tumors and hydrocephalus, neurosurgery is required.
• Alternative Methods: Supportive therapies such as yoga, meditation, and acupuncture can be beneficial, particularly in managing migraine and stress-related symptoms.

Technological advancements in the medical world have also paved the way for significant developments in the field of neurology. In particular, AI-assisted imaging systems facilitate the early detection of neurological diseases. Advanced imaging methods such as functional MRI (fMRI) contribute to both diagnosis and treatment processes by providing detailed analysis of brain function. Genetic research has led to a better understanding of mutations associated with certain neurodegenerative diseases (such as ALS, Huntington's disease) and has initiated the development of personalized treatment methods.

Neurology is a holistic medical field that aims not only to diagnose and treat diseases of the nervous system but also to enhance individuals' overall quality of life, maintain their daily functionality, and support their psychological well-being. Early diagnosis of neurological diseases plays a critical role in preventing disease progression; the correct treatment protocols developed specifically for the individual can improve both their physical and mental health, allowing them to regain control of their lives.