One of the most common types of cancer in women is cervical cancer, with key symptoms often manifesting as post-coital vaginal bleeding, bloody or foul-smelling discharge. Those exhibiting these symptoms should seek consultation with a specialist physician without delay to undergo necessary examinations. Failure to conduct these examinations despite the presence of symptoms complicates the treatment process.
The Most Important Risk Factor: HPV Virus
HPV infection is the most significant risk factor for cervical cancer. Additionally, early sexual activity, deficiencies in vitamins A and C, having multiple sexual partners, smoking, or family history of cervical cancer, that is, genetic factors, might also lead to this disease. The vaccination method for the most substantial risk factor, the HPV virus, plays an important role.
The Protective Effect of the Vaccine Should Be Considered Important
The vaccines administered in three doses between the ages of 9 and 26 are known to be the most effective preventive measure against cervical cancer. Therefore, especially for parents, getting this vaccine for their children will be the most crucial health investment for their future.
Although the protective nature of the cervical cancer vaccine is proven, those vaccinated should still have routine check-ups. Smear tests can early detect lesions on the cervix, which might become cancerous over the years, and prevent cancer development with necessary treatment.
Not Every Discharge is Indicative of Cancer
Not every discharge requires a medical consultation. Transparent and odorless discharge is a type considered normal. However, discharge that is odorous, dark-colored, or thick may indicate an infection and warrants consultation with a specialist without delay.
Moreover, frequent vaginal douching should be avoided, and cosmetic soaps should not be used. Soaps with a pH value between 3.5 and 5.5 should be preferred. Additionally, cotton underwear should be preferred over synthetic, and they should definitely be ironed before use.
Precautionary Measures to Prevent Cervical Cancer
Protecting against cervical cancer is possible not only with vaccination but also through a comprehensive health approach. In this context, both personal hygiene and regular check-ups are of great importance. Although getting an HPV vaccine significantly reduces the cancer risk, it is not sufficient on its own. Therefore, the protection methods listed below should be applied together.
First and foremost, regular gynecological check-ups should not be neglected. Every sexually active woman should be examined by a gynecologist at least once a year, allowing for the early detection of any potential abnormal cellular changes. Smear tests and, if necessary, the HPV DNA test conducted during these check-ups are crucial for identifying cellular changes in the cervix.
Quitting smoking is also important. Smoking weakens the immune system, making it easier for the HPV virus to persist in the body. This situation increases the risk of the virus turning cancerous. Research shows that the cervical cancer development rate is higher in women who smoke compared to those who do not.
Dietary habits have a direct impact on the immune system. Deficiencies in vitamins A and C can make the regeneration of the cervical mucosa more difficult. Therefore, it is recommended to consume fresh vegetables and fruits, whole grains, and foods high in antioxidants. Drinking plenty of water helps maintain the health of the vaginal mucosa.
From a sexual health perspective, monogamy and avoiding unprotected intercourse are crucial. Many sexually transmitted diseases, including HPV, can be prevented with protective measures. While condom use does not provide complete protection, it significantly reduces the risk of transmission.
Women should avoid excessive cleaning or practices such as internal irrigation in the vaginal area. These practices can disrupt the natural flora of the vagina, making it susceptible to infections. Vaginal douching is not recommended; external cleaning is sufficient. Additionally, using cotton underwear, limiting the use of daily pads, and washing underwear at high temperatures and ironing them reduce infection risk.
Cervical cancer can progress silently over many years. Therefore, preventative measures taken before symptoms appear can be life-saving. Especially, the widespread adoption of scientifically proven protective methods like the HPV vaccine in the community will significantly reduce the prevalence of the disease. Educating families and ensuring they timely vaccinate their children directly impacts the health of future generations.
At a societal level, increasing awareness campaigns, educational programs, and free screening services will promote early diagnosis prevalence. Cervical cancer is a preventable disease, provided that conscious steps are taken and regular follow-ups are not neglected.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the HPV Vaccine?
The question of what the HPV vaccine is, is frequently asked by individuals seeking protection from diseases caused by HPV, particularly cervical cancer. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) is a sexually transmitted virus, with over 200 types. Some types can cause cervical cancer, genital warts, and oropharyngeal cancers.
The HPV vaccine strengthens the immune system against this virus. It is particularly protective against high-risk types, HPV-16 and HPV-18. The vaccine does not contain live virus and is considered safe. The World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health recommend the vaccine, being one of the first vaccines aimed at cancer prevention.
Who Should Receive the HPV Vaccine?
The answer to the question of who should receive the HPV vaccine can vary based on age and gender. General recommendations are as follows:
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2 doses for girls and boys aged 9–14
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3 doses for individuals aged 15 and over
The vaccine is more effective in individuals who have not previously encountered HPV.
It can also be administered to sexually active individuals, but the effectiveness is higher before exposure to the virus. Additionally, it is recommended for individuals with weakened immune systems, HIV-positive individuals, and children of HPV-positive mothers.
Where to Get the HPV Vaccine?
The question of where to get the HPV vaccine is frequently asked by individuals opting for vaccination. In Turkey, the HPV vaccine can be administered at the following centers:
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Private hospitals and medical centers
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Some university hospitals
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Private clinics
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Family health centers (availability of vaccine stock and application may vary by institution)
Contacting the center and inquiring about stock availability is recommended before getting vaccinated. In comprehensive health institutions like Batıgöz, the HPV vaccine can be administered in dermatology or gynecology clinics.
What is the Price of the HPV Vaccine?
The price of the HPV vaccine varies according to the number of doses, the institution where it's administered, and current market conditions. Generally, the total cost for the three-dose vaccine ranges between 3000-5000 TL.
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The price per dose is around 1000–1500 TL
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It is not yet free in public health institutions
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Private insurances might cover the cost under certain conditions
The price may change over time. Therefore, it is advised to contact institutions providing vaccination to get updated pricing information.
What Diseases Does the HPV Vaccine Protect Against?
The HPV vaccine provides protection not only against cervical cancer but also against genital warts and cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, vulva, and oropharynx.
The most common and cancer-causing HPV types are 16 and 18. Vaccines developed against these types provide high immunity. Additionally, types 6 and 11 are the most common causes of genital warts. The vaccines are also effective against these types. Therefore, the HPV vaccine is essential not only for women but also for men.
When Should the HPV Vaccine Be Administered?
The most ideal time for HPV vaccination is before the onset of sexual activity.
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2 doses for children aged 9–14
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3 doses for individuals aged 15 and over
There are specific time intervals between doses (e.g., 0-1-6 months). It can be administered to sexually active individuals and provides protection against virus types not yet encountered. It's crucial to raise awareness on this topic among adolescents or parents seeking to give protective health support to their children.
What Should Be Considered After Getting the HPV Vaccine?
Mild side effects are commonly observed after vaccination. These include:
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Pain, redness, swelling at the injection site
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Mild fever
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Headache
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Fatigue
Side effects usually subside within 1–2 days on their own. Showering on the day of vaccination is not contraindicated. It is advised to avoid strenuous exercise. Serious side effects are rare. Individuals with a history of allergies should discuss it with a doctor before vaccination.
Is Testing Required Before Getting the HPV Vaccine?
Testing for HPV is not mandatory before vaccination. However, screening tests may be recommended for women over 25 before deciding on vaccination.
A positive HPV test or smear test does not preclude vaccination. Even in this case, the vaccine might offer protection against other types of the virus.
While HPV testing is not obligatory, it provides insight into the infection status of the individual.
What Are Common Misconceptions About the HPV Vaccine?
As social awareness of the HPV vaccine increases, some misinformation might circulate:
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The vaccine is only for women → Incorrect. It is administered to men as well.
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Once vaccinated, a person will never get any types of HPV → Incorrect. The vaccine only protects against certain types.
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The vaccine offers a 100% guarantee against cancer → Incorrect. The risk is significantly reduced, but not completely eliminated.
Therefore, individuals considering the HPV vaccine should make their decision based on information from a specialist physician.