Leukemia is one of the most common types of cancer in childhood. It accounts for approximately 35% of childhood cancer cases. The most common type is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), which is studied under two main groups along with Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML). In Turkey, approximately 1200-1500 children under the age of 16 are newly diagnosed with leukemia each year. Although the exact causes of leukemia are not yet fully known, genetic predisposition, radiation, certain chemicals, pesticides, and some viral or hereditary diseases are thought to be among the risk factors. While the disease can occur at any age, it most frequently appears in children aged 2-5 years. It is known that response to treatment may be more challenging in cases under 1 year of age and over 10 years of age. Besides blood tests, advanced diagnostic methods such as bone marrow aspiration and biopsy can be utilized to confirm a diagnosis of leukemia.
What Are the Symptoms of Leukemia?
Leukemia can initially present with certain symptoms. Among the most common symptoms in children are loss of appetite, anemia, weight loss, bone pain in the legs, subcutaneous bleeding, nose and gum bleeding, and fever. Leukemia can affect the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and central nervous system. Therefore, symptoms such as headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, and vision problems related to the organs where the disease has spread can also be observed.
The diagnosis of leukemia is established through examination and detailed tests performed by specialist pediatric hematologists. Findings like liver and spleen enlargement, lymph gland enlargement, and bleeding can be prominent during exams. Blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and genetic tests determine the type and stage of the disease. These tests help in determining the appropriate treatment plan.
How Is Leukemia Treated in Children?
The treatment of leukemia begins with supportive therapies aimed at improving the child's overall condition. Blood or blood cells from donors are given to patients with low blood levels, treatment is applied in case of infection, and measures are taken to protect the kidneys, liver, and heart from potential side effects of chemotherapy drugs.
Another important step in treatment is the education of families. During this process, families are informed that leukemia is a treatable disease, and with morale support, treatment success can reach up to 85%. Leukemia treatment is carried out over approximately 4-6 weeks using high-dose and different types of chemotherapy drugs. The aim is to destroy immature blood cells called blasts.
Chemotherapy drugs affect not only malignant cells but also the body's beneficial cells. This situation can lead to side effects such as hair loss, mouth and intestinal sores, and fatigue. Since the immune system is weakened, children with leukemia continue their lives wearing masks to protect against infections. Thanks to today's advanced medical opportunities, leukemia can be highly treatable. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, success can be achieved in the fight against leukemia. It is extremely important to inform and support not only the patients but also their families during the leukemia treatment process.
Why Is Psychological Support Important for Children with Leukemia?
Leukemia is a disease that deeply affects not only physically but also psychologically both children and their families. Long-lasting treatment processes, time spent in the hospital, changes in external appearance such as hair loss, and staying away from social life can lead to emotional reactions such as anxiety, fear, anger, and depression in children. During this process, monitoring the child's psychological condition, providing an opportunity to express their feelings, and supporting them appropriately is vitally important.
Psychological support tailored for children with leukemia increases motivation and facilitates compliance with treatment. Approaches such as play therapy, art therapy, and group therapies can help children externalize the emotional difficulties they are experiencing and go through this process in a healthier way. It is also quite important for families to receive psychological support, both for their own well-being and to communicate correctly with their children. Remember, morale is one of the important factors affecting success in leukemia treatment.
How Should the Follow-Up Process Be After Leukemia?
Completing leukemia treatment successfully does not mean that the patient is completely healed. The follow-up period that begins after the treatment process is critically important for reducing the risk of relapse (recurrence of the disease) and for detecting potential complications at an early stage. For this reason, regular doctor check-ups, blood tests, and, when necessary, imaging examinations should not be neglected.
In post-leukemia follow-up, especially during the first 1-2 years, a much tighter monitoring is done. During this process, it is important for the child to be protected from infections as their immune system has not yet fully recovered. Attention should be given to dietary habits, sleep patterns, and hygiene rules. Additionally, returning to school life should be gradual and approved by a physician. Families being aware of relapse symptoms provides an advantage for early intervention. The follow-up process encompasses not only the disease but also the monitoring of the child's physical, mental, and social development.
The Role of Families and the Importance of a Conscious Approach in Leukemia
During the leukemia treatment process, the attitude of the family directly affects the psychological state of the child and their compliance with treatment. Families should have accurate information about the disease, understand that the process is temporary and can end with high success rates, and communicate this to the child. Providing age-appropriate, clear, and honest answers to the child's questions helps them feel safe.
Moreover, to prevent the child from feeling worthless or different, an overly protective approach should be avoided in family relationships, and a balanced approach should be adopted. Avoiding complete isolation from school, friends, or social surroundings strengthens the child psychologically. Participation in support groups organized for families can be beneficial both for sharing experiences and gaining information. A conscious, patient, and loving approach is the child's greatest strength in the fight against leukemia. Since leukemia symptoms can manifest differently in each child, the diagnosis and treatment process should always be evaluated by specialist doctors.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are bone marrow aspiration and biopsy?
Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are two critical procedures in the diagnosis and monitoring of leukemia treatment. Bone marrow aspiration involves obtaining a fluid sample from the bone marrow, while a biopsy aims to acquire a solid tissue sample. These procedures are typically performed from the back part of the pelvic bone and are conducted under local anesthesia or sedation. The samples taken post-procedure are examined in a laboratory to provide information about the presence and type of leukemia cells.
Why is leukemia the most common type of cancer in children?
Leukemia is the most common type of cancer encountered in childhood. Each year, approximately 1200-1500 children are diagnosed with leukemia in Turkey. The most prevalent type is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), usually seen in children aged 2-5 years. Although the exact cause of leukemia is not known, genetic factors, radiation, certain chemicals, and viral infections are considered risk factors.
How is leukemia detected in children?
The diagnosis of leukemia is made through physical examination and various laboratory tests. First, a complete blood count test detects an abnormal white blood cell count. Following this, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy determine the presence and type of leukemia cells. Additionally, genetic tests and imaging methods can be used in the diagnostic process.
What are the symptoms of leukemia in children?
Symptoms of leukemia in children can include fatigue, frequent infections, bruising, bone pain, fever, and weight loss. These symptoms might indicate leukemia; therefore, it is important to consult a specialist without delay.
How is leukemia treated in children?
Leukemia treatment in children varies according to the type and stage of the disease. The most common treatment methods are:
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Chemotherapy: A drug therapy used to destroy leukemia cells. It is generally applied in several phases and the treatment process can last 2-3 years.
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Radiotherapy: Particularly used in cases with central nervous system involvement.
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Bone Marrow Transplant: Preferred in high-risk or treatment-resistant cases. Healthy stem cells from a suitable donor are transplanted to the patient.
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Supportive Treatments: Includes applications such as prevention of infections, nutritional support, and psychological support.
How long does the bone marrow aspiration and biopsy procedure take?
The bone marrow aspiration and biopsy procedure generally takes between 15-30 minutes. Before the procedure, local anesthesia or sedation is administered. After the procedure, the samples are examined in a laboratory and results are typically obtained within a few days.
At what age is leukemia most commonly seen in children?
Leukemia is most commonly seen in children aged 2-5 years. However, it can occur at any age group. Leukemia may progress more aggressively and response to treatment may be more difficult in children under 1 year of age and over 10 years old. Therefore, recognizing symptoms and early diagnosis and treatment are of great importance.
How long does leukemia treatment last in children?
The duration of leukemia treatment in children varies based on the type and stage of the disease. Typically, the treatment process can last 2-3 years. During this period, chemotherapy is the main treatment method, and in some cases, radiotherapy and bone marrow transplant may also be applied. Regular check-ups and tests are performed throughout the treatment.
What should be taken into consideration after a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy?
After the procedure, the biopsy site should be kept clean and dry. Bathing should be avoided within the first 24 hours, and heavy physical activities should be avoided. If symptoms such as pain, swelling, or redness are observed at the site of the procedure, a doctor should be consulted immediately.
