Age-related macular degeneration manifests in two different types (dry and wet), each with distinct symptoms. Since it is unlikely for an individual to self-diagnose macular degeneration, routine eye exams, clinical tests, and early diagnosis are crucial. Through this examination, both the diagnosis and type of the disease are determined, allowing for the rapid decision on the appropriate treatment method.
When diagnosing, the process begins by listening to the patient's complaints and examining the relevant symptoms. Posterior eye examination alongside angiography are among these investigations. Because the symptoms of the disease resemble many other eye conditions, advanced testing confirms the diagnosis. Three different procedures are utilized for this purpose.
Posterior Eye Examination
For a detailed posterior eye examination, eye-dilating drops are first instilled into the patient's eye. Special lenses that allow us to view the back of the eye are used for the examination. Since the macular region can be clearly seen, both the diagnosis of macular degeneration and its differentiation from other diseases can be conducted, and if there are signs of bleeding, they can also be detected.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
No need to dilate the pupils for this test. It is an easy and straightforward examination. No intravenous medication is required. It shows us the macular region in layers. It informs about both the type of the disease and the thickness of the macular area. It also aids in monitoring patients undergoing ocular injections in the wet type.
Angiography
Eye angiography is a crucial procedure for definitive diagnosis, type identification, and differentiation from other diseases. Initially, eye-dilating drops are administered. A fluorescent dye called 'fluorescein' is injected intravenously through a catheter inserted into a vein in the arm or hand. Sequential images of the back of the eye are captured while the patient is seated at the angiography device. The damaged tissues in the macular area are clearly shown. It provides detailed information on the diagnosis, treatment decision, and monitoring of the disease type. It also assists in differential diagnosis with other diseases. After determining the type of macular degeneration, if it is generally the dry type, treatment involves controlling blood pressure and cholesterol levels, consuming Omega 3, quitting smoking and alcohol, and maintaining a diet rich in essential vitamins and minerals or taking them as capsules orally.
In rare occurrences, but in the wet type, characterized by new blood vessel formation, ocular injection is employed. Using a very fine needle, medication is injected into the eye in accordance with the technique, and this treatment is continued monthly as needed, aiming to suppress new vessel formation and delay the progression of the wet type.
The Importance of Early Diagnosis in Macular Degeneration
Macular degeneration may not present symptoms in the early stages. Routine eye checks play a critical role in detecting the disease before it progresses. Especially for individuals over 50 years of age, an eye examination at least once a year is recommended. Early diagnosis allows for the initiation of treatment before the onset of vision loss and helps preserve quality of life.
In early-detected dry type macular degeneration, lifestyle adjustments and vitamin supplements can slow the disease's progression. The prevention of the transition to wet type is possible with measures taken at this stage. Regular follow-up, patient education, and accurate information increase the success of the treatment process in maintaining visual acuity.
The Role of Nutrition in Macular Degeneration
Nutrition is of great importance in macular degeneration, both in slowing the disease progression and supporting retinal health. Foods rich in antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and vegetables containing lutein are emphasized in this process.
Leafy greens (spinach, kale), carrots, fish, eggs, and almonds are beneficial for macular health. It is also recommended to intake adequate amounts of vitamins A, C, and E, as well as minerals like zinc and selenium. Quitting smoking and limiting alcohol consumption positively affect eye health.
The dietary plan should be personalized under the supervision of a doctor or dietitian. Specialist consultation is essential before using dietary supplements.
Living with Macular Degeneration: Daily Life Recommendations
Individuals with macular degeneration can enhance their visual comfort by making certain adjustments in daily life. Firstly, it is necessary to be in well-lit environments and avoid reading or working in dim light.
Larger print books, screens with increased contrast settings, and magnifiers can aid visual functions. Slow walking and cautious stepping can reduce fall risk. Additionally, wearing sunglasses provides protection against harmful UV rays for the retina.
The emotional aspect of the disease should not be overlooked. Individuals experiencing vision loss may have an increased risk of depression and anxiety. Therefore, psychological support is recommended when necessary.
How is Treatment Monitoring Conducted in Macular Degeneration?
Monitoring of macular degeneration varies depending on the treatment applied. In the dry type, regular eye exams and OCT checks monitor the progress. If necessary, vitamin and mineral supplementation continues.
For wet type patients, ocular injection therapy often involves a monthly injection during the initial months. Visual acuity is assessed, and fluid accumulation is monitored with OCT. Once progression ceases, injection frequency can be reduced, though treatment is not entirely discontinued.
Adhering to doctor-recommended follow-up intervals is crucial for the long-term success of the treatment. Any new symptoms or changes in vision should be promptly reported to an eye specialist.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is Macular Degeneration?
Macular degeneration, medically known as age-related macular degeneration, arises from damage to the macula region within the retina. This area harbors the highest density of nerve cells responsible for sharp and detailed vision.
The disease commonly affects individuals over the age of 50. Blurring at the center of the visual field, seeing lines as wavy, and difficulty distinguishing colors are among the initial symptoms.
If not identified promptly, macular degeneration can lead to permanent central vision loss. Factors such as smoking, hypertension, and genetic predisposition increase the risk.
What is Macular Degeneration in the Eye?
Understanding what macular degeneration in the eye entails is important for comprehending its impact on visual function. The macula is the central part of the visual field responsible for detailed vision.
Damage to the cells in this area may cause a person to lose central vision while peripheral vision remains preserved for a longer period.
There are two main types of the disease:
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Dry type macular degeneration: Progresses slowly with less vision loss.
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Wet type: Rapid progression with intraocular fluid accumulation and bleeding.
Dry type macular degeneration usually begins with advancing age and may progress without symptoms. Hence, regular eye examinations are of major importance.
Can Macular Degeneration Heal?
The answer to whether macular degeneration can heal depends on the phase and type of the disease. The dry type cannot be completely cured but its progression can be slowed.
Consistent vitamin supplements and healthy living habits help control the disease.
For wet type macular degeneration, intraocular injections (anti-VEGF) can halt vision loss and in some patients, partially restore vision.
However, treatment requires continuity. Early diagnosis significantly influences the response to treatment.
What Causes Macular Degeneration?
Understanding what causes macular degeneration is crucial for those wishing to prevent it.
The primary cause of the disease is aging. As age progresses, the retinal layer gradually deteriorates. During this process, free radicals, vascular blockages, and inflammatory processes damage the macula region.
Other risk factors include:
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Smoking
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Insufficient antioxidant intake
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Hypertension and high cholesterol
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Prolonged unprotected exposure to sunlight
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Family history of macular degeneration
Many of these factors are modifiable risk elements. Attention to lifestyle and regular macular degeneration testing are advised to preserve eye health.