Disorders in our kidneys, which undertake many important tasks such as eliminating waste from the body through urine, can, if neglected, lead to cases as severe as chronic kidney failure. One of the most common of these disorders is kidney stones. Although kidney stones can cause intense pain for the patient, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent kidney loss.
What is a Kidney Stone?
Kidney stones are hard formations resulting from the crystallization and clustering of certain minerals that should be excreted with urine. Some of these stones can be eliminated from the body with urine, while others may block the urinary tract, causing severe pain.
What Causes Kidney Stone Formation?
Kidney stone formation generally occurs due to high levels of calcium and uric acid in the urine and low levels of substances like citrate and magnesium, which are responsible for preventing stone formation. Factors contributing to stone formation include,
- Genetic predisposition
- Recurrent urinary tract infections
- Other kidney disorders
- Insufficient physical activity
- Inadequate fluid intake
- Gout
- Congenital kidney abnormalities.
Symptoms of Kidney Stones
Kidney stones often present with intense pain localized to specific areas, prompting the patient to consult a doctor and making it a condition that is relatively easy to diagnose. Common symptoms include,
- Blood and/or cloudiness in urine
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Chest pain
- Back pain
- Abdominal pain.
Treatment of Kidney Stones
The size and type of the stone are important when it comes to the treatment of kidney stones. A thorough examination by a medical professional will determine the most suitable treatment method. While some stones can be treated with medication and increased water consumption, larger stones that cannot be resolved with medication may require surgical intervention. Commonly applied procedures include shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and in advanced cases, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, known as minimally invasive kidney stone surgery. Kidney Stones and Chronic Kidney Failure Chronic kidney disease is a significant global health issue. A screening study by the Turkish Nephrology Association reveals that 1 in every 6-7 adults in Turkey has a chronic kidney disorder. Chronic kidney disorders often do not present distinctive symptoms in the early stages, with the first signs typically being fatigue and muscle weakness during daily activities. Neglected kidney stones can lay the groundwork for chronic kidney failure. It is important to consult a specialist urologist when symptoms of kidney stones are noticed to also protect against chronic kidney disease.
How is Kidney Stone Diagnosed?
The diagnostic process for individuals suspected of having kidney stones usually begins with the evaluation of the patient's complaints. When symptoms such as severe pain in the back, side, or groin area are prominent, a urology specialist conducts a detailed assessment. Imaging techniques are used to clarify the diagnosis. Commonly used techniques include ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT). CT provides detailed information about the stone's size, location, and number, guiding the treatment process. In some cases, blood and urine tests are conducted to assess kidney function. Blood in the urine, signs of infection, or crystal formations may indicate the presence of stones. Early diagnosis not only facilitates the natural expulsion of the stone but also helps prevent future complications. Therefore, it is important to consult a doctor as soon as pain or other symptoms begin.
Does Stone Formation Reoccur? What Should Be Paid Attention to?
If a kidney stone has formed once, there is a high risk of reformation. Therefore, lifestyle changes must be made even if the stone has been passed. Consuming at least 2.5–3 liters of water daily helps dilute the urine and significantly prevents stone formation. It is recommended to reduce salt, animal protein, and oxalate-rich foods in the diet. Additionally, consuming foods rich in magnesium and citrate provides a protective effect against stone formation. Regular urine analyses and imaging follow-ups should be conducted on the recommendation of a physician to detect new stone formation at an early stage. Personal risk factors should be evaluated, and, if necessary, metabolic stone analysis should be performed. Conscious monitoring and preventive lifestyle habits are crucial to prevent recurrence.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is a Kidney Stone?
A kidney stone is a hard structure formed by the accumulation of minerals and crystals that remain undissolved in the urine. These stones typically form in the kidneys but may move into the urinary tract, causing pain, blockages, or infections. Common types of kidney stones include calcium oxalate, uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. The severity of symptoms experienced by the patient can vary depending on the size and location of the stone.
What Causes Kidney Stones?
- Inadequate water consumption,
- Excessive intake of salty or protein-heavy foods,
- Genetic predisposition,
- Sedentary lifestyle,
- Urinary tract infections,
- Certain health issues such as gout, parathyroid abnormalities,
- Long-term use of some medications.
What are the Symptoms of Kidney Stones?
- Sudden, intense pain in the side or back area,
- Blood in urine (pink, red, or brown urine),
- A burning sensation when urinating,
- Frequent and difficult urination,
- Nausea, vomiting,
- Fever and chills (especially if an infection is present),
- Strong odor or cloudiness in the urine.
What Helps with Kidney Stones?
- Drinking at least 2–2.5 liters of water daily,
- Consuming lemon water (citrate content reduces stone formation),
- Limiting foods high in animal protein, salt, and oxalate,
- Consuming diuretic herbal teas (with medical advice),
- A diet rich in fiber foods.
How Do Kidney Stones Pass?
- Increased fluid intake,
- Improving physical activity (e.g., walking),
- Ensuring the urinary tract remains open, under medical supervision using muscle relaxants.
How to Easily Pass Kidney Stones?
- Regular and adequate water intake,
- Limiting beverages that can cause dehydration such as coffee and tea,
- Reducing salt intake,
- Implementing supportive treatments under medical supervision.