Thyroid diseases, often mistaken for infections, are actually disorders related to the thyroid gland located just below the Adam's apple in the throat and in front of the trachea. Resembling a butterfly in shape, the thyroid is responsible for the production of hormones that regulate metabolism, energy balance, and many vital functions in the body. A healthy thyroid is of great importance for the smooth operation of many fundamental functions of the body.
What Causes Thyroid Diseases?
The causes of thyroid diseases can vary depending on various factors.
- Genetic Factors: Individuals with a family history of thyroid disease are at higher risk of experiencing thyroid problems.
- Immune System Issues: Autoimmune diseases can trigger conditions such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism by causing the immune system to attack the thyroid gland.
- Nutritional Deficiencies: Insufficient iodine intake can lead to goiter and hypothyroidism by reducing the production of thyroid hormones. Excessive iodine consumption can also lead to thyroid problems.
- Hormonal Imbalances: Periods of intense hormonal changes, such as during pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause, can affect thyroid functions.
- Environmental Factors: Certain chemicals and heavy metals can disrupt the functioning of the thyroid gland, leading to health issues.
- Surgical Interventions or Injuries: Surgical procedures targeting the thyroid gland or physical traumas can cause imbalances in hormone production.
- Chronic Diseases: Certain chronic conditions like diabetes and lupus can negatively impact thyroid functions.
Understanding the causes of thyroid diseases can help in taking the right steps in prevention and treatment processes.
How Are Thyroid Diseases Treated?
The treatment of thyroid diseases is applied using methods appropriate to the patient's needs to regulate thyroid gland functions and balance hormone levels. The treatment process is planned based on factors such as the patient's thyroid function tests, the type of disease, and general health status.
Commonly used methods in thyroid treatment include:
- Drug Therapy: In the treatment of hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone levels), the recommended medications by the doctor are used regularly to balance thyroid hormone levels and ensure the gland functions normally.
- Radioactive Iodine (RAI) Treatment: Radioactive iodine may be used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism (high thyroid hormone levels) and some thyroid nodules. This method targets thyroid cells to control the gland's excessive activity.
- Surgical Treatment: Surgical intervention may be necessary for large thyroid nodules, nodules suspected of cancer, or other serious thyroid issues. Part or all of the thyroid gland is removed to prevent the progression of the disease.
The choice of treatment method is determined by the doctor according to the patient's needs, and it is important to continue regular doctor visits to ensure the process progresses successfully.
What Are Thyroid Nodules and When Are They Dangerous?
Thyroid nodules are small lumps or swellings that form in the thyroid gland. Although they are usually benign, some nodules may carry a risk of cancer. Nodules can be solitary or multiple and may increase in size over time. Often, they do not show symptoms and are incidentally detected during routine neck examinations or ultrasounds. However, some nodules can cause symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, neck pain, or swelling in the neck.
When evaluating thyroid nodules, the first step is to determine the structure of the nodule. Ultrasonography provides information about the nodule's size, content (solid, cystic, or mixed structure), borders, and vascular status. Needle biopsy may be required for suspicious nodules. Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is an effective and reliable method for understanding whether thyroid nodules carry cancer.
Thyroid nodules do not always require surgical intervention. Benign and small-sized nodules are monitored at regular intervals. However, surgical planning may be necessary for nodules that grow rapidly, have suspicious ultrasound findings, or are determined to be risky based on biopsy results. The hormone secretion of the nodule is also important. Hyperfunctioning nodules can lead to hyperthyroidism, negatively affecting metabolism. In this case, radioactive iodine treatment or surgery is considered as an option. Regular monitoring of nodules and periodic control with hormone tests allow for the early detection of possible risks.
Measures to Protect Thyroid Health
Although it may not always be possible to completely prevent thyroid diseases, some lifestyle changes may be beneficial to reduce risk factors and support overall thyroid health. Firstly, ensuring balanced and adequate iodine intake is important for thyroid health. Iodine deficiency can lead to the enlargement of the thyroid gland and the formation of goiter, while excessive iodine consumption can disrupt thyroid functions. Therefore, while the use of iodized salt is recommended, it should be consumed in a controlled manner.
Micronutrients such as selenium, zinc, iron, and vitamin D play a role in the production of thyroid hormones. Including foods rich in these minerals in the diet can support the immune system and help prevent autoimmune thyroid diseases. Foods containing Omega-3 fatty acids, such as fish, walnuts, and flaxseeds, also contribute to thyroid health with their anti-inflammatory effects.
Attention should be paid to environmental factors that may adversely affect thyroid functions. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and long-term stress can disrupt thyroid balance. Especially stress can trigger the emergence of autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis by affecting the immune system. Therefore, engaging in regular exercise, improving sleep quality, and applying stress management techniques are beneficial for overall hormonal balance.
Regular doctor visits should also not be neglected to protect thyroid health. It is recommended that individuals with a family history, especially women, have thyroid hormone tests done once a year. Dysfunction detected at an early stage can be easily managed with medication therapy, and its progression can be prevented. Additionally, if there are complaints such as swelling in the neck region, voice changes, or difficulty swallowing, an endocrinology specialist should be consulted immediately.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Is Thyroid Disease?
Thyroid diseases are endocrine system disorders common among both men and women, but more frequently diagnosed in women. The butterfly-shaped thyroid gland located at the front of the neck plays an important role in producing hormones that regulate body metabolism. Dysfunction of this gland can affect many systems, from energy balance to heart rate and from nervous system health to mood. The thyroid gland can sometimes function underactively, leading to hypothyroidism, or overactively, leading to hyperthyroidism. Structural disorders such as nodules, goiter, and thyroid cancer are also evaluated under thyroid diseases. These diseases can appear in all age groups and can be successfully treated when diagnosed early. Therefore, regular monitoring of thyroid functions is crucial.
What Are the Symptoms of Thyroid Disease?
Symptoms of thyroid disease vary depending on how the thyroid gland is functioning. In hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland is underactive, common complaints include fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, hair loss, constipation, depression, menstrual irregularities, and forgetfulness. Since body functions slow down, individuals may feel constantly tired and lethargic. In hyperthyroidism, body functions accelerate, and symptoms like palpitations, weight loss, excessive sweating, hand tremors, insomnia, irritability, and hair thinning may occur. These findings can significantly affect the quality of life. In both cases, symptoms alone are not sufficient for diagnosis; evaluation with hormone tests is essential.
Which Department Deals with Thyroid Disease?
Knowing which department deals with thyroid disease is crucial for individuals experiencing symptoms for the first time to consult the correct specialist. The most authoritative branch for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid diseases is the Endocrinology and Metabolism Diseases department. This specialty area evaluates hormone levels, plans medication therapy, and directs further investigations if necessary. However, many patients initially consult an Internal Medicine specialist. This branch conducts a general assessment and provides a referral to endocrinology if needed. In cases of thyroid nodules or cancer suspicion, the General Surgery department gets involved to undertake biopsy and surgical planning. In some special cases, units like Nuclear Medicine or Radiology may also be involved in the diagnosis and treatment process.
How Should One Eat with Thyroid Gland Diseases?
Eating habits in thyroid disease can directly affect disease management. Especially in hypothyroidism patients, foods rich in iodine, selenium, zinc, and vitamin D should be preferred. Seafood, eggs, walnuts, red meat, and leafy greens are natural sources of these minerals. In some individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a gluten-free diet may help alleviate autoimmune reactions. Additionally, as coffee, dairy products, and soy-based foods can reduce the absorption of thyroid medications, it's recommended to wait at least 30 minutes after taking morning medication. In hyperthyroidism patients, caffeine intake should be limited, and iodine intake should be planned according to the doctor's recommendation. Attention should also be paid to calcium and vitamin D intake for bone health. A personalized nutrition plan should be developed in coordination with a dietitian and an endocrinology specialist.
Why Is Early Diagnosis Important in Thyroid Disease?
Thyroid diseases often progress insidiously, and organ system damage may have begun by the time symptoms are observed. Therefore, early diagnosis is the most effective way to prevent potential complications. Routine blood tests to measure TSH, free T3, and T4 levels can reveal thyroid dysfunctions. Neck ultrasound is an important imaging method to assess thyroid nodules or gland enlargement. Needle biopsy may be performed for suspicious nodules. Additionally, thyroid scintigraphy is used for functional assessments. If diagnosed early, medication treatment can begin early and the disease can be controlled without the need for surgery. Regular check-ups are recommended, especially for individuals with a family history, women over 40, and those experiencing thyroid complaints post-pregnancy.
In Whom Are Thyroid Hormone Disorders More Common?
Thyroid hormone disorders are more common in women than in men. Women of childbearing age are particularly at risk because they experience hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause. In individuals with a family history of thyroid disease, the likelihood of the disease occurring is higher. Those over 40, people with a history of autoimmune diseases, individuals exposed to radiation, and those experiencing continuous stress should be monitored more closely for thyroid disease. Symptoms such as excessive weight gain or loss, menstrual irregularity, increased body hair, or hair loss may also be indicators of thyroid dysfunctions. Therefore, periodic thyroid checks should not be neglected for individuals in this group.