Colonoscopy is an endoscopic procedure used to examine the inner surface of the large intestine (colon) and rectum. This procedure plays a critical role in diagnosing, preventing, and treating various bowel issues such as polyps, colorectal cancer, and inflammatory bowel diseases. It is particularly important for detecting early-stage bowel cancer and precursor lesions because these conditions can be treatable and even preventable.
When is Colonoscopy Necessary?
Colonoscopy is generally recommended in the following situations:
- Routine Screening: Usually performed every 10 years in individuals aged 50 and over to assess the risk of colorectal cancer. If there is a family history of colorectal cancer, screenings may need to start at a younger age and be conducted more frequently.
- Evaluation of Symptoms: If there are symptoms like bleeding, chronic diarrhea, abnormal bowel movements, or abdominal pain, a colonoscopy may be performed to understand the cause of these symptoms.
- Surveillance of Polyps or Cancer: For those previously diagnosed with polyps or colorectal cancer, regular colonoscopies are performed to prevent recurrence or monitor progression.
How is a Colonoscopy Performed?
Before the colonoscopy procedure, patients' bowels must be completely empty. Therefore, a special diet and laxative solutions starting the day before the procedure are used to clean the bowel. During the procedure, patients are usually given a sedative to help them relax. Then, a colonoscope (a thin, flexible tube) is slowly advanced through the anus to examine the inner surface of the colon. If abnormal tissues like polyps are detected during the colonoscopy, they can be removed or sampled for biopsy.
Post-Colonoscopy
After a colonoscopy, patients can generally return home the same day. Due to the effects of sedation, it is advised that patients do not operate vehicles or make important decisions for 24 hours following the procedure. Mild cramps or gas may be experienced afterward, but these usually subside quickly. If any abnormal symptoms occur (severe abdominal pain, fever, bloody stool), a healthcare professional should be consulted immediately.
Colonoscopy is a powerful tool for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer and other bowel diseases. Routine screenings and early evaluation of symptoms can enhance quality of life and save lives. Therefore, adhering to recommended screening programs and consulting a specialist in case of any concerns is important. Colonoscopy, as one of the most valuable diagnostic tools offered by modern medicine, plays a key role in maintaining colon health and preventing diseases.
Why Should a Colonoscopy be Done?
Colonoscopy is vital for the early detection of colorectal cancer. Polyps typically do not present symptoms; however, they have the potential to transform into malignant tumors over time.
Removal of these polyps during the procedure can prevent cancer development. Additionally, the procedure allows for the investigation of causes behind chronic bowel problems. Persistent diarrhea, constipation, or hidden blood in the stool can be examined in detail through a colonoscopy.
Pre-Colonoscopy Diet and Preparation Process
One of the most crucial steps in how a colonoscopy is performed is the preparation before the procedure. The bowel must be completely clean for the procedure to be conducted with clear images. Therefore, patients are advised to consume only liquid foods the day before the procedure. Apple juice, broth, clear jelly, and water can be consumed during this period.
Red, purple, or dark-colored drinks are prohibited before the procedure. Additionally, laxative solutions recommended by the doctor should be taken at regular intervals to ensure bowel clearing. Pre-colonoscopy diet is one of the factors that directly affect the success of this process.
How Long Does a Colonoscopy Take?
A typical colonoscopy procedure is completed within 30 to 60 minutes. However, the duration may be extended in some patients due to differences in bowel structure or additional procedures such as biopsy or polyp removal. The answer to how long a colonoscopy takes can vary from person to person. The observation period before and after the procedure is also added because sedation is applied. Therefore, it is recommended to allocate at least half a day for the procedure.
Post-Colonoscopy Considerations
After the colonoscopy procedure, patients can return to their daily lives within a few hours. However, it is recommended that they rest on the day of the procedure due to the effects of sedation. Some patients may experience gas pain, bloating, or mild cramping after the colonoscopy. These complaints are normal and usually resolve quickly. If severe symptoms such as bloody stool, severe abdominal pain, or fever develop, medical attention should be sought immediately.
What Diseases Can Be Detected with a Colonoscopy?
Colonoscopy is not only used for the early diagnosis of colorectal cancer but also in the diagnosis of many gastrointestinal diseases. One of the most frequently diagnosed diseases is ulcerative colitis. Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory disease occurring within the large intestine. Colonoscopy allows for the examination of the inner surface of the bowel to evaluate ulcers, edema, and inflammation levels. Similarly, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis, infectious colitis, and ischemic colitis can also be diagnosed with colonoscopy.
When Should Screening Colonoscopy Be Done?
A significant feature of colorectal cancer is that it can develop for many years without showing symptoms. Hence, screening colonoscopy is recommended for individuals aged 50 and over. For those with a family history of colorectal cancer, this age may be earlier. Colonoscopic screening can be repeated every 10 years. If polyps have been removed before or if there are other risk factors, intervals between check-ups may be shorter.
What Procedures Can Be Performed During Colonoscopy?
During a colonoscopy, not only imaging is done but also some diagnostic and therapeutic procedures can be carried out. The most common procedure is the removal of polyps. Polyps are removed before turning into cancer, eliminating future risks. Additionally, suspicious-looking tissues can be biopsied for pathological examination. If bleeding areas are found, interventions can be made to control bleeding.
Who Might Find Colonoscopy Challenging?
Colonoscopy preparation or procedure might be more challenging for some individuals. Especially elderly individuals, those with mobility restrictions, or those experiencing severe constipation may not achieve sufficient bowel cleansing. Patients with anxiety disorders may experience stress before the procedure. In such cases, doctors may administer deep sedation or anesthesia during the procedure. This allows the patient to comfortably complete the colonoscopy process without feeling anything.
Frequently Asked Questions
How is Colonoscopy Done and What is Felt During the Procedure?
During a colonoscopy, the patient usually receives sedation. The patient is either asleep or semi-awake, so they do not feel pain or discomfort during the procedure. A thin, flexible tube called a colonoscope is advanced from the anus to the rectum and then to the colon. The inner surface of the bowel is projected onto a monitor with the help of a camera. Polyps are removed, or biopsies are conducted if deemed necessary.
How Should Pre-Colonoscopy Diet Be Organized, and What is Prohibited?
The day before the procedure, solid foods should be avoided, and a clear liquid diet should be adopted. This diet consists of water, clear tea, apple juice, and broth. Fiber-rich foods and colored beverages should be avoided. The pre-colonoscopy diet plan should be applied as recommended by the physician, and the prescribed laxatives for bowel cleansing should be used timely.
How Long Does a Colonoscopy Take and How Soon Can One Return to Normal Life After the Procedure?
The procedure usually lasts 30–60 minutes. Due to sedation, a total of 2–3 hours may be needed in the hospital before and after the procedure. Patients are discharged on the same day. However, because the effects of sedative drugs can last up to 24 hours, it is recommended to rest and not drive on that day.
Can a Colonoscopy Be Performed on a Person with Ulcerative Colitis?
Yes, colonoscopy is one of the gold standard methods for diagnosing ulcerative colitis and evaluating the severity of the disease. It should be performed carefully during active disease periods, as the intestinal wall can be sensitive. Colonoscopy allows for a detailed assessment of ulcer spread, bleeding risk, and other inflammatory findings.