In winter, being in sunny weather in high-altitude areas can pose a risk to eye health. Photokeratitis, also known as snow blindness, is a temporary eye condition that develops as a result of damage in the corneal layer caused by intense ultraviolet (UV) rays reflected from the surface of snow or ice. It can create a sunburn effect on the eye surface and, if left untreated, can lead to pain, light sensitivity, and temporary vision loss.
What is Snow Blindness?
Photokeratitis, or snow blindness, is corneal damage that occurs as a result of excessive exposure of the cornea, the transparent layer of the eye, to UV-B rays. Reflective surfaces like snow, ice, or water reflect sunlight much more strongly, so this condition is more commonly seen in mountainous areas, ski resorts, and coastal areas.
UV rays can cause microscopic burns in the corneal cells. This damage presents symptoms as severe stinging, pain, tearing, and temporary vision impairment in the eye.
What Causes Snow Blindness?
The main cause of snow blindness is the direct and reflected exposure of the eyes to UV rays. In snowy weather, sunlight can reflect off the snow surface by approximately 80%, which increases the risk of corneal damage.
The main causes are:
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Staying on snow or ice for prolonged periods in sunny weather
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Using sunglasses without UV protection or not wearing sunglasses at all
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Direct exposure to sunlight at high altitudes
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Looking directly at the sun with bare eyes for extended periods during beach or water sports
Artificial UV sources like solarium machines or welding lights can also rarely cause similar corneal damage.
What Are the Symptoms of Snow Blindness?
Snow blindness may show symptoms 8 to 12 hours after UV exposure. Although mild discomfort may be initially felt, pain and vision impairment increase within a few hours.
Common symptoms include:
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Severe pain and stinging sensation in the eye
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Excessive tearing and burning sensation
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Extreme sensitivity to light (photophobia)
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Difficulty moving the eyelids
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Redness in the eye, foreign body sensation
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Blurred vision or temporary vision loss
These symptoms usually affect both eyes, and patients may find it difficult to open their eyes.
How Long Does Temporary Snow Blindness Last?
Snow blindness is a temporary condition. With proper rest and treatment, it can heal on its own within 24 to 48 hours. However, if the eyes are left irritated or if treatment is delayed, there is a risk of developing permanent damage in the corneal layer. If symptoms persist or the pain is severe, it is recommended to consult a specialist doctor.
How Is Snow Blindness Treated?
The aim in treating snow blindness is to support the cornea's renewal process and alleviate pain.
The treatment plan includes the following steps:
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Rest the eyes: The eyes should be rested in a dark environment, and screen use should be avoided.
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Cold compresses can be applied: Clean and cold compresses applied around the eyes can provide relief.
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Moisturizing or antibiotic drops: Artificial tears or antibiotic drops recommended by a specialist can help the corneal surface heal.
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Pain relievers: Systemic pain relievers may be used upon the recommendation of a specialist doctor.
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Contact lenses should not be used: Wearing lenses during treatment increases the risk of infection.
During this period, rubbing the eyes should be strictly avoided, as it can further deepen the damage on the corneal surface.
How to Prevent Snow Blindness?
Using sunglasses with UV400 protection and closed side parts on reflective surfaces like snow or ice can significantly reduce the exposure of the cornea to harmful ultraviolet rays. Directly looking at the light reflection should be avoided; if sunglasses are not used, it is preferable to look at dark-colored surfaces around to protect the eyes. This way, the intense light reflection caused by the snow can cause less damage to the eyes.
Since cold weather can also increase the risk of dry eye, individuals prone to dry eyes should regularly use moisturizing eye drops and protect their eyes from the wind.
Other points to be aware of include:
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Eye protection should be used in sunny, cloudy weather, and snowy environments.
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Avoid rubbing eyes when spending long periods on snow or water.
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People with light-colored eyes should be cautious as they may be more sensitive to light.
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Foods containing vitamin C, vitamin A, and omega-3 that support eye health should be regularly consumed.
Frequently Asked Questions
Does snow blindness lead to permanent vision loss?
No, it is not permanent. However, repeated exposure to UV rays can lead to permanent damage in corneal tissue or long-term problems such as cataracts at an early age. Therefore, protective measures should be taken.
What should a person experiencing snow blindness do?
A person experiencing snow blindness should rest their eyes. Staying away from bright lights, limiting screen use, and resting in a dark environment can provide relief. Rubbing the eyes should be avoided, and if necessary, a specialist should be consulted.
Who is more likely to experience snow blindness?
Individuals with light-colored eyes, those with dry eye conditions, those with allergic eye disorders, and those living in high-altitude areas are more prone to snow blindness. Therefore, it is recommended that these groups be more careful about using protective sunglasses.
Does snow blindness only occur in winter?
No, snow blindness can occur similarly on reflective surfaces like sea, sand, or ice. Therefore, similar precautions should be taken at the seaside during the summer months.