Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by differences in social interaction, communication, and behavior. Today, this condition, defined as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), can manifest in different levels and forms in each individual. Therefore, autism is not considered a single stereotype but evaluated as a spectrum encompassing a wide range.
What is Autism?
Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition that causes differences in interaction, social communication, and behavior. Today, this condition, defined as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), can exhibit various levels and different symptoms in each individual.
Symptoms related to autism are often noticed between 12–36 months. In some children, symptoms can be observed at an earlier stage, while in some, they may become more pronounced during preschool or school age. Therefore, autism is not specific to a certain age group, as the time it is recognized can vary from person to person.
Individuals with autism may experience difficulties in forming and maintaining social relationships, limitations in verbal and non-verbal communication skills, challenges in maintaining eye contact, and differences in the use of gestures and facial expressions. Additionally, repetitive behaviors, adherence to routines, and hypersensitivity or insensitivity to certain sensory stimuli are common characteristics within the autism spectrum.
What Causes Autism?
The causes of autism cannot be explained by a single factor today. Scientific studies indicate that autism is a complex neurodevelopmental condition where genetic and environmental factors play a role together. Therefore, autism is not considered a disease with a specific cause or one that is acquired later.
- Genetic Factors
Having autism spectrum disorder in the family is associated with an increased risk. However, autism cannot be explained by a single gene; the interaction of multiple genes may be involved.
- Differences in Brain Development and Nervous System
It is thought that there are differences in the development and functioning of certain areas of the brain in individuals with autism. These differences may affect neural networks regulating social interaction, communication, and behavior. Thus, autism is considered a condition related to the brain development process.
- Environmental Factors
Some factors related to pregnancy and birth are considered to possibly affect autism risk alongside genetic predisposition. However, there is no definitive scientific evidence suggesting that environmental factors alone cause autism.
What are the Symptoms of Autism?
The symptoms of autism can vary based on the individual's age, developmental level, and position within the autism spectrum. Symptoms generally appear in the areas of social communication, behavioral patterns, and sensory sensitivities. It is not expected that the same symptoms will be seen in every individual; the type and severity of symptoms can vary from person to person.
Symptoms Related to Social Communication and Interaction
Individuals on the autism spectrum may exhibit some differences related to social interaction. These symptoms include:
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Limited eye contact or avoidance of eye contact
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Non-responsiveness or delayed response
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Difficulty in initiating or maintaining reciprocal communication
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Challenges in expressing emotions and thoughts through gestures, facial expressions, or verbal language
Behavioral Characteristics
Among the symptoms of autism, some features related to repetitive or limited areas of interest may be observed:
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Repetitive movements (such as hand flapping, rocking)
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Noticeable distress in response to changes
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Intense interest in specific objects or topics
Sensory Sensitivities
Responses to sensory stimuli may vary in individuals with autism. This can manifest as:
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Hypersensitivity to loud noises, bright lights, or certain textures
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Low response to certain sounds, touch, or pain stimuli
manifesting through.
Autism Symptoms in Babies
In infancy, autism symptoms often appear as subtle and early signs. Some notable findings in babies include:
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Limited social smiling
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Failure to establish or maintain brief eye contact
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Not responding when their name is called
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Reduced interest in sounds and facial expressions
These symptoms alone are not diagnostic and should be evaluated within the scope of developmental follow-up.
Autism Symptoms at Age 2
Around the age of two, as the development of communication and social skills becomes more pronounced, autism symptoms may become more noticeable. During this period:
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Not having started speaking or having very limited speech
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Not using gestures such as pointing or waving for communication purposes
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Not exhibiting imitative behaviors
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Limited interest in peers
Autism Symptoms During Childhood and Adolescence
During childhood and adolescence, autism symptoms may manifest as social adaptation difficulties, struggles in participating in group games, and limitations in expressing emotions. Academic skills can vary among individuals.
Autism Symptoms in Adults
In some individuals, autism symptoms may not be noticed during childhood, and diagnosis may arise in adulthood. Symptoms that may be seen in adults include:
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Difficulty in initiating and sustaining social relationships
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Difficulty in understanding non-verbal communication (expressions, body language)
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Adherence to routines and sensitivity to change
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Noticeable reactions to sensory stimuli
may be present.
How is Autism Diagnosed?
The diagnosis of autism is not one that can be made during pregnancy or immediately after birth. Autism spectrum disorder is evaluated based on symptoms that emerge during childhood.
An autism diagnosis is not established through blood tests, imaging methods, or a single laboratory examination. The diagnostic process is planned based on an evaluation of the child's developmental characteristics by an expert, observation of their behaviors, and detailed information obtained from the family. During the assessment process, the child's social communication skills, language development, and adaptation to daily life are considered holistically.
In necessary cases, consultations with relevant specialists may be sought to rule out different health conditions that may accompany autism.
The autism diagnostic process involves the following evaluations:
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Medical and neurological examination
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Assessment of developmental and cognitive skills
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Examination of language and communication skills
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Behavioral observation and assessment of social interaction
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Evaluation of daily living skills according to age appropriateness
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Blood tests if necessary
Evaluations are conducted to support the diagnosis and accurately identify the child's developmental needs.
Is There a Treatment for Autism?
There is no singular curative treatment method that completely eliminates autism spectrum disorder. Autism is addressed as a neurodevelopmental difference rather than a disease. Therefore, the approaches applied aim to support the individual's developmental needs, enhance daily living skills, and improve quality of life.
The primary goal of supportive approaches in autism is to maximize cognitive, social, and functional skills and to develop independent living skills as much as possible.
Since brain development is rapid, especially in the early years of life, it is known that early initiated supportive practices can have positive effects on developmental gains. In children who are detected early and guided appropriately, the support of communication and social skills can be planned more effectively.
How Should Families Approach Their Autistic Children?
Communication and daily life process with autistic children require an approach based on understanding and patience. It is important for families to accept the child's developmental differences and focus on individual needs.
Establishing consistent routines in daily life can help the child feel secure. Using plain and clear language in communication and avoiding complex expressions is recommended. Supporting positive behaviors and recognizing the child's strengths can positively influence the development process.
The development of autistic children often requires cooperation with specialists. It is important for families to stay in communication with healthcare and education professionals and integrate recommended supportive approaches into daily life. Considering family members' own emotional needs during this process plays a supportive role for long-term adaptation.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is Autism a Disease?
Autism is defined as a neurodevelopmental difference rather than a disease. It can be characterized by differences in the individual's perception of the world, communication methods, and behavior patterns.
Can Autistic Children Speak?
In some autistic children, speech may be delayed or limited. However, this is not the case for every child, and development is evaluated individually.
How is an Autism Test Conducted?
An autism diagnosis is not made with a single test. Developmental assessments, behavioral observations, and standard screening tools are evaluated together by specialists.
What are the Types of Autism?
Autism spans a broad spectrum with varying symptoms and support needs. Today, autism is addressed as a spectrum with individual differences rather than subtypes.
