Eye cancer is a rare disease that arises from uncontrolled cell proliferation in the tissues inside and around the eye. Tumors can originate directly in the eye or develop as a result of cancer spreading from another organ to the eye. Eye cancer may not show symptoms in its early stages, but over time symptoms such as vision loss, spots within the eye, and light flashes may occur. Cancer can present in different types and with different symptoms.
What is Eye Cancer?
Eye cancer is a tumor that can affect the outer part of the eye or the inside of the eyeball. In adults, intraocular cancers are seen as melanoma and lymphoma, while in children, it may appear as retinoblastoma, starting in the retinal cells. Cancer develops when abnormal cells in the eye begin to grow uncontrollably.
What Are the Symptoms of Eye Cancer?
Eye cancer may progress silently in its early stage and may not cause a noticeable complaint. As the disease progresses, symptoms that affect vision functions or cause noticeable changes in the eye structure may occur.
Common symptoms of eye cancer include:
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Difficulty distinguishing objects, and darkening in central and peripheral vision.
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The development of bright spots or wavy vision in the visual field.
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The tumor may increase intraocular pressure affecting the external appearance.
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A typical finding of retinoblastoma in children.
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Pain may be observed due to the stretching of intraocular tissues in advanced stages.
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Tumors spreading to the tissues around the eye can affect muscles and nerves.
The severity and frequency of symptoms can vary depending on the type and location of the tumor.
What Are the Types of Eye Cancer?
Eye cancer can be classified into different subtypes based on the tissue it develops from and the type of cells involved. The age of occurrence, progression rate, and response to treatment of these types vary. Therefore, an accurate diagnosis is important for the success of the treatment process.
- Uveal Melanoma
A common type of intraocular cancer seen in adults. Uveal Melanoma develops in the pigment cells of the iris, which is the colored part of the eye, the ciliary body, which plays a role in focusing, and the choroid layer of the eye.
- Retinoblastoma
A common eye cancer seen in childhood. It can occur due to uncontrolled cell proliferation in the nerve cells of the retina layer. Its symptoms include a white reflection in the pupil, strabismus, visual impairment, and eye swelling.
What Causes Eye Cancer?
Eye cancer is a disease that can arise from a combination of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and cellular changes. Damage to the DNA structure of the cells in the eye can lead to their uncontrolled proliferation. This abnormal cell growth can eventually result in tumor formation in eye tissues.
Main factors that may contribute to the development of eye cancer include:
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Retinoblastoma gene mutation, which stops the normal growth cycle of retinal cells, leading to uncontrolled proliferation.
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UV rays can trigger DNA mutations in melanocyte cells in the colored part of the eye.
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The appearance of a new mole in the eye or changes in the color and shape of an existing mole could be indicators of uveal melanoma.
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Contact with solvents, dyes, and metal processing materials can trigger cellular DNA damage.
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Eye traumas or post-surgical tissue changes can trigger eye cancer.
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Chronic inflammations may lay the groundwork for the formation of eye cancer.
How is Eye Cancer Diagnosed?
The diagnosis of eye cancer can be made through a comprehensive eye exam in conjunction with advanced imaging techniques. Recognizing the disease in its early stages significantly increases both the success of treatment and the possibility of preserving vision function.
Detailed Eye Examination
The first step in diagnosis is a detailed eye examination. A specialist examines the external surface of the eye, iris structure, pupil reflex, and retina layer to assess any suspicious mass, color change, or vascular abnormality.
Fundus Examination (Eye Bottom Examination)
Fundus examination allows for direct observation of the retina, blood vessels, and optic nerve head.
In individuals with a potential diagnosis of eye cancer, the location, size, and reflections of the tumor within the eye can be determined using this method. The progression of the lesion can be monitored through colored fundus imaging.
Ocular Ultrasonography
A painless method that provides detailed imaging of intraocular tissues. The size, density, and depth of a mass or thickening in the eye can be measured. It is widely used for tumors such as uveal melanoma.
Imaging Methods (MRI and CT)
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Evaluates the spread of the tumor to surrounding eye tissues, nerves, or brain structures.
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Computed Tomography (CT): Shows whether the eye socket (orbit) and bone structures are affected.
Biopsy and Pathological Examination
A small tissue sample taken from the suspicious mass is examined under a microscope to determine whether the cells are benign or malignant. In some small tumors, a diagnosis can be made directly based on clinical and imaging findings without biopsy.
Genetic and Molecular Tests
Retinoblastoma, a tumor that shows hereditary characteristics, may require genetic testing. Such tests can help confirm the diagnosis and determine the risk in other family members.
Systemic Evaluation (Metastasis Investigation)
If there is suspicion of the tumor spreading to the body, additional examinations such as liver ultrasound, thorax CT, or PET-CT can be performed. This step is critical for treatment planning in cases with metastatic uveal melanoma.
What Are the Treatment Methods for Eye Cancer?
The treatment of eye cancer is planned according to the tumor type, location, size, and disease stage. The primary goal of treatment is to preserve the patient's life and maintain vision function as much as possible. Therefore, the method applied in each patient may vary and is generally determined through a multidisciplinary approach.
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Laser Therapy: Targets the tumor tissue using laser energy in small-sized and early-stage eye tumors.
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Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy aims to eradicate cancer cells in the eye through controlled radiation.
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Surgical Intervention: Surgical procedures vary depending on the size and location of the tumor.
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Chemotherapy: Drug therapy may be initiated to inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
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Regular Follow-up and Monitoring: After treatment, patients may need to come for check-ups at regular intervals.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is every mole or spot in the eye a sign of cancer?
No, not all moles or pigment deposits in the eye signify cancer. However, if a new mole forms on the eye surface or there is a change in the color or shape of an existing mole, it is essential to consult a specialist.
Does eye cancer cause pain?
Eye cancer may progress without pain in its early stages. As the disease advances, intraocular pressure may increase, nerves may be affected, and this can cause pain or a feeling of pressure in the eye.
Is eye cancer genetic?
Some types of eye cancer, such as retinoblastoma seen in childhood, can be related to hereditary gene mutations. It is recommended that individuals with a family history receive genetic counseling and have their children undergo regular eye check-ups.
Can eye cancer spread to other parts of the body?
Yes, certain types of eye cancer, such as uveal melanoma, can metastasize to organs like the liver or lungs. Therefore, patients can be closely monitored with regular follow-up and imaging tests after treatment.